You shouldnt have to worry too much about hardware setup with your current hardware.
Linux is not Windows, there are only rarc cases where you have to manually install drivers, everything should be built into the OS and not require driver discs etc, this goes for your motherboard as well as your AMD GPU.
This wouldnt be specific to the audio driver used but would be part of ALSA, the backend which Linux uses for sound. There are different programs that should give you some information, look into things like PulseAudio Manager.
It is also important to know that audio on Linux is not monolithic, there are multiple audio subsystems that can be used, but most often you will be using PulseAudio by default.
This should be fine as long as the drive doesn’t contain the Windows hibernation file, otherwise it will only let you mount it Read-Only.
Distros are a bit of a trap that new users fall into, the differences between them tend to be much exaggerated. The differences you are actually seeing tends to be between whatever desktop environment each distro uses, and many distros will let you pick. If you’re really interested in choosing a distribution, take a look at this thread: So you're looking for a Linux Distro?
Most of the smaller issues youre having, like GUI control and screen tearing will exist everywhere but can be solved agnostic of what distro you are running. Search for threads here on any problems you have ( screen tearing is a common issue that many have had to solve ) or make a more directed #helpdesk thread once you’ve picked an OS.