rclone is what you are looking for as far as copying to Google Drive and encrypting (they might have compression options as well). It works like rsync.
Dupicati is another option. It’s structured differently. Up to you which is more suitable. Here is a thread I wrote on getting Duplicati running on a headless CentOS server. It won’t be exactly the same on Debian, but should be close.
As far as temp folder and deleting goes, you’ll probably need to script that yourself.