What are 'standard ports?' Are they just like the standard HTTP port? And for example, would port 25565 (The minecraft port) be standard?
Yeah, they're the default port a service uses.
I think you mean this:
21: File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
22: Secure Shell (SSH)
23: Telnet remote login service
25: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
53: Domain Name System (DNS) service
80: Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) used in the World Wide Web
110: Post Office Protocol (POP3)
119: Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP)
123: Network Time Protocol (NTP)
143: Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP)
161: Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)
194: Internet Relay Chat (IRC)
443: HTTP Secure (HTTPS)
Those are standard ports you are talking about?
The port numbers are divided into three ranges: the well-known ports, the registered ports, and the dynamic or private ports.
The well-known ports (also known as system ports) are those from 0 through 1023. The requirements for new assignments in this range are stricter than for other registrations.
There are registered ports, those from 1024 through 49151. The dynamic or private ports are those from 49152 through 65535.
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There you go, an handy Wikipedia page will mostly all of them: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_TCP_and_UDP_port_numbers
cat /etc/services | grep <number or name>
Port numbers range from 0 to 65536, but only port numbers 0 to 1024 are reserved for privileged services and designated as well-known ports .Each kind of application has a designated (and thus “well-known”) port number.The registered ports are numbered from 1024 through 49151.The remaining ports, referred to as dynamic ports or private ports, are numbered from 49152 through 65535
Regards,
Christian