well, (keeping it simple) it basically comes down to this... you have two types of languages... scripting languages and programming languages.
a programming language is something that you code, compile, and end up with a binary file (like an exe) that will run.
a scripting language is a language that you write, then can run in an interpreter (such as python). some scripting languages can also interface with a programming language (python can make c function calls, lua can be added to a c++ project, or call c functions).
both of these have their advantages. usually you would use a compiled language to build some large project that you will distribute to people, where as a scripting language is commonly very fast to code in, and much easier to implement advanced stuff (like network protocols).
i would recommend learning at least one scripting language and one programming language... as you often dont want to have to code some small personal project in c++, as you will end up with 1000 lines of code, where you would only code about 70-100 in python.
some good programming languages to look into:
some scripting languages:
- python
- ruby
- LUA (good if you like to make things in garrys mod / want to add a scripting engine to a c++ project)
if you want to do web stuff you need to basically know all of these:
- html
- php
- css
- SQL
- linux (if your going to set up the website or make it work with some backend task thats running)
- be familiar with content management systems (wordpress, drupal)
if you want to get into micro controller programming:
- c (needed)
- asm (not rly needed, but good to know)
if you want to start learning how to reverse engineer applications (only an option after you learn atleast one programming language / research how applications work at a very low level (pe headers, hex / mashine instruction code, instruction pointers, so on)):
- asm (needed)
- know how to use programs such as ollydbg and IDA
now, unless you say exactly what you want to be doing with your programming language, your going to have to do a bit of research for yourself... but when it comes to learning the language... i have heard that http://programming-motherfucker.com/become.html is a good website. however i learned c++ by using a book + some online videos. another popular choice is "TheNewBoston" on youtube. i like the website 3dbuzz however i believe it costs money now.