Continued from other thread -
Given the age of your machine, I am having doubts that a new kernel would have new drivers to fix any issues you are having. There may be a regression causing problems, in which case an older kernel should boot for you. Can you get 16.04 running? If it is a regression then it will likely be ironed out by the time 18.04 drops.
You mentioned running 17.10 and UEFI issues. I did hear some machines were affected by some weird circumstance in 17.10 causing errors with UEFI. Have you checked to see if your machine is listed as one that was affected? A long shot, but it might be worth investigating.
I have little experience with laptops, but the one I have required that I hit some special key combination to enable a screen to disable secure boot and change between UEFI and legacy/BIOS. Also, I think some options are hidden when secure boot is still enabled.
I saw mentions of people having the opposite problem (BIOS/ no UEFI boot working) so I’m guessing there must be some way to get it to work. Here is a link I found with a few seconds of searching, so it may or may not be useful -
https://rog.asus.com/forum/showthread.php?77633-Booting-with-legacy-BIOS-on-G750JS-Laptop
You mention you are trying to dual boot, but you can’t change your boot order. Does the BIOS stop you from doing so? Did you install an OS on it and it refuses to boot from that drive? Is there a function key to select your boot device? There really isn’t any absolute reason why you ‘need’ to change the hard drive boot priority at the same time as selecting the USB boot option beyond convenience. As long as the USB is selected to boot from then it should hopefully boot from it regardless of what HDD, SSD, or lack thereof is selected as the primary hard drive. Using the function key, if available, is good for one-time usage such as booting from USB.
Does your machine use fake RAID (built in mobo RAID)? Is it enabled/disabled, running AHCI, native? Is the laptop designed for two drives, or are you using a caddy in an optical drive slot?
In any event, I have always been a fan of physically disabling/removing excess drives when installing an OS. If you remove the (I’m guessing Windows) OS drive, will that allow you to boot in to a USB live environment and install/boot on the other drive? Not omitting the nomodeset advice of course.
Hopefully one of the things listed will get you a bit closer towards your goal.