Nope. Fdisk only messes with the partition table, not the actual data.
I’ve done this dozens of times on running production servers. Don’t sweat it.
you fdisk /dev/sda, delete the partition, create a new partition (make sure it’s the same partition number) then specify, manually, the start and end sectors, then set your flags and type to be the same as you had before, then write and quit fdisk.
Shit, okay. I’m not super familiar with encrypted setups, but you’ll need to grub-install /dev/sda and then update-grub, both as root. (update-grub will need to be run from within a chroot, with proper bind mounts)