Well you have not installed it. Its unable to find a files system.
As always details needed not a screen shot. Like saying to a mechanic my car is broken here is a picture of it parked at home.
The installation is not done properly...As @Marten said. More details are needed, Machine, how did you do the installation (procedure), if you are trying to dual boot or not etc.
I have that PC probe failure too, and it would take a 2nd boot often straight after first boot failure to start up into ubuntu. Fixed this with installing latest nvidia drivers via os installer tool not website. As for the system files issue. I have quite a few drives in my machine, I unplugged them all bar the one I wanted to install ubuntu on (15.04, LTS 14.xx failed on other issues) and all was fine. Then plugged other drives back in and all was a go, now I use bios to choose drive to boot on win10 or ubuntu. This keeps bootloaders from infecting / messing about with eachother and other drives. Also the ubuntu drive partitioning is a little confusing with drive names, paths and mounting etc but if confused let it do it for you or like me google it on mobile/tablet when your on that screen to check what partitioning, file system and options etc you should use.
So, I ended up doing something similar. I turned created a bootable USB stick and was able to successfully install Ubuntu after unplugging all of my other drives. Right now though the only way to avoid Windows 10 is to unplug the other drives every time I want Ubuntu. Before when I installed from the downloaded file it allowed me to choose Ubuntu or Windows. Any ideas?
Your bios will allow you to select a device to boot from on startup, the key to access this menu varies on motherboard to motherboard for me at the moment AS Rock Extreme 6 it's F11, but I used to do this with MSI and Gigabyte boards (I've not had an asus in quite some time). You should see a notification when bios is doing its thing for which key to press, if not go into bios and disable startup screen so you can see what is going on.
Right now this is all it is showing, I have 2 ssd and 2 hdd and is only showing my windows 10 os here on my Kingston. It used to ask me before going into Windows if I wanted Ubuntu.
I can manually go into the bios and launch Ubuntu here
But I don't really want to go into the bios everytime. I think I need all of my drives to show up in the first pic. I also tried to change my os system config in Windows with no luck
You should have an option to select boot drive by pressing a key while booting without entering bios. For me on asrock I press f11. I think it was f5 on an older machine I built. Make sure you have boot in bios set to "try other devices", it might show you the short cut key on boot then. If not google search your mobo model and add something like bios boot menu hard drive select.
Thank I'll check it out
I would recommend separate installs on separate drives versus a "blended install" due to the fact that if you decide that you are don't want to experiment with that particular install of Linux any more, when deleted, it will take windows boot.ini file with it and you will have to rebuild it through the DOS prompt before your windows install will load again. (Speaking from experience)
If you value your windows install, even though you shouldn't, segregation is best here. I did this until I willingly dumped Windows.
You can use your bootable Ubuntu USB and boot into it to repair grub to add the selection correctly. From there use the program called bootrepair. Install it via terminal like here:
https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Boot-Repair
(Option 2)
and run it. Let do an automatic (recommended) repair (with all drives plugged in). It should fix everything...If when reboorting in grub you only see Ubuntu and not windows then login to ubuntu and do "sudo update-grub" and the selection should appear fine...