TLDR;
If you want the electrical engineering approach, and are happy with more text-book style reading, I would suggest Malvino’s Electronic Principles. That said, you would probably benefit from brushing up on your calculus and finding a 100 level physics text and reading up on basics of charge and current, if you have not already. There are also probably some more hands on texts for electrical technician programs, but I am not familiar so can not make an informed recommendation.
Long answer;
Are you trying to answer your original question of “How a pro athlete observes, calculates, responds so quickly”? Or have you moved on from the original question and just focused on learning circuit design?
If you want to learn about modeling cognitive processes, I would steer you away from circuit design, and instead suggest books on: learning and cognitive sciences, general AI, scientific computing, data mining. This would put you much more into the computer science/software realm than electrical engineering/circuit design.
The other question is: are you trying to learn to be able to design something yourself or are you just interested in understanding the concept? sgtawesomesauce suggestion is much more hands on, even if you want to keep reading more advanced work, it is always good to get some practical experience, applying the concepts you have read about.
Regardless of which way you will probably benefit from brushing up on some calculus, having a strong understanding of differentials and integration, will help a lot. Then before going back to grad level reading I would suggest some entry level programming or circuit design; reading and practice. Lastly, if you do end up moving back towards cognitive sciences, there are a lot of books (non- text-book/publications) that might be a lot more approachable if you want to start with more of a high level overview to the concepts.
And I return to the TLDR, if you are set on learning circuit design and you want to keep reading text books, Malvino’s is a gold standard of a text book for 1st/2nd year electrical engineering.
Awesomesauce’s resource seems like a good place for me to go; however I’m likely to order the textbook you recommended as well.
As for the sports thing, no - i’m not interested in sports. It became a question of uhh, biological cognition and consciousness fairly rapidly.
I forget how I initially came to the conclusion that I found it unlikely that there were algorithms approximating what we have in ANNs, but I did eventually come to that conclusion. Not long afterwards I became familiar with Penrose’s consciousnesses work and our shared belief that there is some “non mathematical processing” going on (the nomenclature doesn’t exist yet and these words are clumsy for everyone). Most recently I heard Jim Keller say that “A lot of people think the human brain is analogue so I can’t compare it to a CPU”.
I’m not very interested in traditional AI as I just don’t think bipolar/ternary (or any other finite computation method) will crack consciousness. The eventual goal (maybe 5 years from now if I’m lucky) is to build an electronic “insect” that interacts with its environment using analogue computation (instead of binary bitstreams running on bipolar transistors) and just see where I end up. My working theory (which isn’t worth much - Im a bricklayer) is that consciousness is a secondary layer (layer 2) that sits atop the analogue computational system (layer 1) interacting with the environment that interacts with and analyzes layer 1.
I mean - I’m almost certainly wrong and going into an experiment with a confirmation bias is cough, shall we say less than ideal? But its fucking fun and I’ll enjoy building and understanding circuitry better so whats the harm anyway, yuno?